class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Variability of word-final /ɔ̃/ in Greater Poland Polish ## Poznań Linguistic Meeting 2018 ### Kamil Kaźmierski & Marta Szlandrowicz ### September 13th, 2018 --- class: inverse, center, middle # Frequency in Favoring Conditioning (FFC) --- class: middle, keep-h1-up, font150 # Is knowledge of variation stored? - **Abstractionists**: No, only abstract units are stored (Levelt et al. 1999). -- - **Rich storage**: So what about frequency effects, such as Bybee (2000)? -- - **A**: Well, word-form frequencies are available for online computation. -- - **RS**: OK, but what about lemma frequency effects, like *time* vs. *thyme* (Gahl 2008)? -- - **A**: Uhm... -- - **RS**: And what about typical environment effects like Eddington & Channer (2010), Brown & Raymond (2012) or Seyfarth (2014)? -- - **A**: ... ??? Transition to next slide: "So what are these effects?" Bybee, Joan. 2000. The Phonology of the lexicon: Evidence from Lexical Diffusion. ~lexical frequency has affected pre-r schwa-deletion in English, and t/d deletion in English --- class: middle, keep-h1-up, font150 # Effect of typical environment - Eddington & Channer (2010): word-final /t/ glottalizes more often in words that typically are followed by consonant-initial words -- - Brown & Raymond (2012): words that typically occur after non-high vowels more often lost word-inifial /f/ -- - Seyfarth (2014): typically predictable words reduce even in unpredictable contexts -- - Frequency in Favoring Conditioning (FFC) (Bybee 2017) ??? - Such effects are pooled together in Bybee 2017 and, and she named the relevant factor 'FFC' - In this paper: FFC effect on a regional variant --- class: ipa, middle, keep-h1-up # Realization of /ɔ̃/ within words <table class="table table-striped" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"> Realisation </th> <th style="text-align:left;"> Position </th> <th style="text-align:left;"> Example </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔw̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> word-finally; before fricatives, except alveolo-palatal </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> idą [idɔw̃]; wąska [vɔw̃ska] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔw̃] ~ [ɔj̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> after a “hard” C, before alveolo-palatal fricatives </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> wąsik [vɔw̃ɕik] ~ [vɔj̃ɕik] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔj̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> after a “soft” C, before alveolo-palatal fricatives </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> (na) wiązie [vjɔj̃ʑe] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔ] or [ɔ̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before l or w </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> plunąłem [plunɔwɛm] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔm] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before bilabial stops or affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> ząbek [zɔmbɛk] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔn] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before dental stops or affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> kąt [kɔnt] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔn] or [ɔṇ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before alveolar stops and affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> rączka [rɔṇʨka] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔɲ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before alveolo-palatal affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> piąć [pjɔɲt͡ʂ] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔŋ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before (post-palatal or) velar stops </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> mąka[mɔŋka] </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> --- class: ipa, middle, keep-h1-up # Realization of /ɔ̃/ within words <table class="table table-striped" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"> Realisation </th> <th style="text-align:left;"> Position </th> <th style="text-align:left;"> Example </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> [ɔw̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> word-finally; before fricatives, except alveolo-palatal </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> idą [idɔw̃]; wąska [vɔw̃ska] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> [ɔw̃] ~ [ɔj̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> after a “hard” C, before alveolo-palatal fricatives </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> wąsik [vɔw̃ɕik] ~ [vɔj̃ɕik] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> [ɔj̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> after a “soft” C, before alveolo-palatal fricatives </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> (na) wiązie [vjɔj̃ʑe] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔ] or [ɔ̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before l or w </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> plunąłem [plunɔwɛm] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔm] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before bilabial stops or affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> ząbek [zɔmbɛk] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔn] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before dental stops or affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> kąt [kɔnt] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔn] or [ɔṇ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before alveolar stops and affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> rączka [rɔṇʨka] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔɲ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before alveolo-palatal affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> piąć [pjɔɲt͡ʂ] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔŋ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before (post-palatal or) velar stops </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> mąka[mɔŋka] </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ??? before fricatives - realised with a glide --- class: ipa, middle, keep-h1-up # Realization of /ɔ̃/ within words <table class="table table-striped" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"> Realisation </th> <th style="text-align:left;"> Position </th> <th style="text-align:left;"> Example </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔw̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> word-finally; before fricatives, except alveolo-palatal </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> idą [idɔw̃]; wąska [vɔw̃ska] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔw̃] ~ [ɔj̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> after a “hard” C, before alveolo-palatal fricatives </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> wąsik [vɔw̃ɕik] ~ [vɔj̃ɕik] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔj̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> after a “soft” C, before alveolo-palatal fricatives </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> (na) wiązie [vjɔj̃ʑe] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔ] or [ɔ̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before l or w </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> plunąłem [plunɔwɛm] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> [ɔm] </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> before bilabial stops or affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> ząbek [zɔmbɛk] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> [ɔn] </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> before dental stops or affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> kąt [kɔnt] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> [ɔn] or [ɔṇ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> before alveolar stops and affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> rączka [rɔṇʨka] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> [ɔɲ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> before alveolo-palatal affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> piąć [pjɔɲt͡ʂ] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> [ɔŋ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> before (post-palatal or) velar stops </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: #76232F;"> mąka[mɔŋka] </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ??? before stops and affricates - realised with a homorganic stop --- class: ipa, middle, keep-h1-up # Realization of /ɔ̃/ within words <table class="table table-striped" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"> Realisation </th> <th style="text-align:left;"> Position </th> <th style="text-align:left;"> Example </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔw̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> word-finally; before fricatives, except alveolo-palatal </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> idą [idɔw̃]; wąska [vɔw̃ska] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔw̃] ~ [ɔj̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> after a “hard” C, before alveolo-palatal fricatives </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> wąsik [vɔw̃ɕik] ~ [vɔj̃ɕik] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔj̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> after a “soft” C, before alveolo-palatal fricatives </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> (na) wiązie [vjɔj̃ʑe] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: cadetblue;"> [ɔ] or [ɔ̃] </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: cadetblue;"> before l or w </td> <td style="text-align:left;color: white;background-color: cadetblue;"> plunąłem [plunɔwɛm] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔm] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before bilabial stops or affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> ząbek [zɔmbɛk] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔn] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before dental stops or affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> kąt [kɔnt] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔn] or [ɔṇ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before alveolar stops and affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> rączka [rɔṇʨka] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔɲ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before alveolo-palatal affricates </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> piąć [pjɔɲt͡ʂ] </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> [ɔŋ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> before (post-palatal or) velar stops </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> mąka[mɔŋka] </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ??? before l or w - realised with plain oral vowel --- class: center, middle, inverse # Word-final /ɔ̃/ in Greater Poland Polish --- class: center, middle, clear .pull-left[ ## Prescriptive norm: ## .ipa[[ɔw̃]] ## *łodzią* .ipa[[ˈwɔdʑɔw̃]] ## ‘boat-INS.SG’ ] .pull-right[ ## Nasal stopping: ## .ipa[[ɔm]] ## *łodzią* .ipa[[ˈwɔdʑɔm]] ## ‘boat-INS.SG’ ] ??? we will refer to as nasal stopping Actual speakers show variation between the two variants. --- class: center, middle, clear .pull-left[ ## *łodzią* .ipa[[ˈwɔdʑɔw̃]] ## ‘boat-INS.SG’ ] .pull-right[ ## *łodziom* .ipa[[ˈwɔdʑɔm]] ## ‘boat-DAT.PL’ ] ??? When the prescriptive norm is followed, such contrasts are maintained. --- class: center, middle, clear .pull-left[ ## *łodzią* .ipa[[ˈwɔdʑɔm]] ## ‘boat-INS.SG’ ] .pull-right[ ## *łodziom* .ipa[[ˈwɔdʑɔm]] ## ‘boat-DAT.PL’ ] ??? When nasal stopping is used consistently, such contrasts are neutralized. --- class: center, middle, clear .pull-left[ ## *łodzią* .ipa[[ˈwɔdʑɔw̃]] ## ‘boat-INS.SG’ ] .pull-right[ ## *łodziom* .ipa[[ˈwɔdʑɔw̃]] ## ‘boat-DAT.PL’ ] ??? When nasal stopping is avoided - such contrasts are also netrualized (through 'hypercorrection') "Pomagamy dziecią / Oddajemy Jeżycą" You could give more examples from Biedrzycki 1978 --- class: middle, keep-h1-up # Change in progress? .pull-left[ ### Witaszek-Samborska (1985) - nasal stopping is 'common' (*powszechne*) among educated speakers - for **23** / **43** speakers stopping exclusive or almost exclusive variant ] .pull-right[ ### Kaźmierski et al. (in press) - stopping rate among Poznań university students: **25%** - only for **3** out of **14** speakers prevalence > **50%** ] ??? 1) Don't read all numbers, stick to the gist: For Witaszek-Samborska stopping very frequent (only a little less for the iddle generation), Kaźmierski et al. - rather rare. 2) Current study: all speakers in the same age group, so the question of change can't be addressed directly (no real-time data available here). 3) Also reflect: perhaps different levels of formality/different elicitation tasks, --- # Education and formality <img src="index_files/figure-html/education_formality-1.png" width="90%" height="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> .footnote[ Baranowska, Karolina. 2018. "Nasal vowels in English and Polish. A comparative analysis and a sociolinguistic study". MA thesis, Adam Mickiewicz University. ] ??? 1) The highest percentage of stopping overall in the Vocational group. 2) In the 'Higher' group, in 'Formal', stopping drops almost to zero (5%) 3) Style-shifting visible for all educational groups, perhaps except for primary 4) Present study: all subjects university students, formality the same for all --- class: middle, keep-h1-up # Research questions ## **RQ1 (Descriptive)**: Does the initial sound of following words influence the likelihood of nasal stopping? -- ## **RQ2 (Theoretical)**: Does FFC influence the likelihood of nasal stopping? ??? FFC = Frequency in Favoring Conditioning --- class: center, middle, inverse # Method --- class: center, middle, font180, keep-h1-up # Source of data Greater Poland Spoken Corpus [**wa.amu.edu.pl/korpuswlkp**](http://wa.amu.edu.pl/korpuswlkp) (Kul & Zydorowicz) --- # Speakers (*N* = 64) <img src="index_files/figure-html/speaker_sample-1.png" width="90%" height="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: cleanslate, center, middle <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png" width="90%" height="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: cleanslate, center, middle <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-3-1.png" width="90%" height="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: font160, middle, keep-h1-up # Coding - `outcome`: manually as glide or **stop** (= nasal stopping) -- - `pause`: manually as present or absent -- - `Frequency in Favoring Conditioning` from SUBTLEX-PL - no. of hits in favoring / in **un**favoring conditioning - lowest: *piszą, różnią, mówią* - highest: *traktują, przypominają, należą* -- - `favoring_environment`: - yes: *są bloki* .ipa[/sɔ̃blɔki/] - no: *są spoko* .ipa[/sɔ̃spɔkɔ/] -- - `frequency` discretized based on SUBTLEX-PL - low: e.g. *trzymają, amerykańską, biegają* - middle: e.g. *całą, grupą, mieszkają* - high: e.g. *są, tą, mają* ??? /dɪˈskriːtʌɪzd/ --- class: center, middle # Example 1: Nasalized glide .ipa[[-ɔw̃]] ## *mieszkają* .ipa[[-ɔw̃]] <img src="media/example_1.png" width="90%" height="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> <audio src="media/example_1.wav" controls preload></audio> ??? no discernible difference in intensity between a vowel and a glide --- class: center, middle # Example 2: Nasal stop .ipa[[-ɔm]] ## *moją* .ipa[[-ɔm]] <img src="media/example_2.png" width="90%" height="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> <audio src="media/example_2.wav" controls preload></audio> --- class: center, middle, inverse # Results --- # Nasal stopping rate: 53% <img src="index_files/figure-html/individual_variation-3.png" width="90%" height="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Little influence of location or gender <img src="index_files/figure-html/location_gender-1.png" width="90%" height="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ??? - the overall rate of nasal stopping around 50%, (higher than Baranowska - more informal??) - location and gender don't seem to matter --- # Environment matters when no pause <img src="index_files/figure-html/pause_environment-1.png" width="90%" height="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> .footnote[ `pauseyes:favoringyes` *β* = -1.44, *p* < .001 ] --- # FFC matters for low and mid freq. words <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png" width="90%" height="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Frequency matters <img src="index_files/figure-html/frequency-1.png" width="90%" height="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: middle, keep-h1-up # Conclusions ## **RQ1 (Descriptive)**: Does the initial sound of following words influence the likelihood of nasal stopping? -- ## ✓ Yes (but only when there is no pause) -- ## **RQ2 (Theoretical)**: Does FFC influence the likelihood of nasal stopping? -- ## ✓ Yes (but in an interaction with lexical frequency) --- class: center, middle, keep-h1-up # Thank you! ### Frequency in Favoring Conditioning affects probability of nasal stopping: evidence for **rich storage**. <img src="index_files/figure-html/thank_you-1.png" width="90%" height="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> [kamil.kazmierski@wa.amu.edu.pl]() [m.szlandrowicz@wp.pl]()